Osmoprotection in Salvia hispanica L seeds under water stress attenuators / Osmoproteção em sementes de Salvia hispanica L sob atenuadores do estresse hídrico

Salvia hispanica cultivation is recent in Brazil and occurs in the off-season, when there is lower water availability in the soil. Water deficit is one of the abiotic factors that most limit germination for compromising the sequence of metabolic events that culminate with seedling emergence. Several attenuating substances have been used to mitigate the effects resulting from this stress and give higher tolerance to the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of different agents as water stress attenuators in the germination and accumulation of organic compounds in S. hispanica seedlings. The treatments consisted of pre-soaking the seeds for 4 hours in salicylic acid (1 mM.L-¹), gibberellic acid (0.4 mM.L-¹), distilled water and control treatment (without soaking). The seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3 and -0.4 MPa, using PEG 6000 as an osmotic agent. The variables germination percentage, germination speed index, shoot and primary root lengths, total dry mass, proline, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids were analyzed. Salicylic acid and gibberellic acid led to the best results among the attenuators tested, increasing germination, length, dry mass and biochemical components of S. hispanica seedlings under water deficit. Therefore, salicylic and gibberellic acids are efficient in mitigating water stress in S. hispanica seeds up to the potential of -0.4 MPa.

O cultivo da Salvia hispanica é recente no Brasil e se dá no período de entressafra, quando há menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo. O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores abióticos que mais limitam a germinação por comprometer a sequência de eventos metabólicos que culminam com a emergência da plântula. Diversas substâncias atenuadoras têm sido empregadas com a finalidade de mitigar os efeitos resultantes desse estresse e conferir maior tolerância às espécies. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes agentes como atenuadores do estresse hídrico na germinação e acúmulo de compostos orgânicos em plântulas de S. hispanica. Os tratamentos consistiram na pré-embebição das sementes durante 4 horas em ácido salicílico (1 mM.L-¹), ácido giberélico (0,4 mM.L-¹), água destilada e o tratamento controle (sem embebição). As sementes foram germinadas sob os potenciais osmóticos 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3 e -0,4 MPa, utilizando PEG 6000 como agente osmótico. Analisaram-se as variáveis porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz primária, massa seca total, prolina, açúcares solúveis totais e aminoácidos livres totais. O ácido salicílico e o ácido giberélico apresentaram os melhores resultados, dentre os atenuadores testados, incrementando a germinação, o comprimento, a massa seca e os componentes bioquímicos de plântulas de S. hispanica sob déficit hídrico. Logo, os ácidos salicílico e giberélico são eficientes na mitigação do estresse hídrico em sementes de S. hispanica até o potencial -0,4 MPa.

Poor utilization and wrong preparation of oral rehydration salt solution during childhood diarrhea in Ilesa, Nigeria

Background and Aim: Diarrheal deaths are largely preventable with the use of oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution. The aim of this study was to investigate the preparation and use of ORS for the treatment of childhood diarrhea in Ilesa, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The characteristics of the present diarrheal illness as well as biodata, social class, use of ORS solution, and the method of preparation were documented in 250 children with diarrhea at the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using the statistical program for the social sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Results: A total of 151 (60.4%) of the children had been given ORS before the presentation. The ORS was correctly prepared in 38 (25.2%) of them, whereas hypertonic ORS solution was mostly given to the others. A significantly higher proportion (66.7%) of those from high social class had their ORS correctly prepared, compared with 16.1% of those from low social class (P = 0.000). The use of ORS was more prevalent among children with longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.004). A significantly higher proportion of children who were still breastfeeding were given ORS, compared with those who had stopped breastfeeding (P = 0.007). Conclusion: Teachings on the use and correct preparation of ORS should not be limited to diarrhea treatment units, but should rather be included in the routine health talks given to mothers at antenatal and immunization clinics. The provision of a 1 L measure to be used for measuring water for ORS preparation should be seriously considered to combat the problem of hypertonic ORS preparations

Diarreia aguda: manejo baseado em evidências / Acute diarrhea: evidence-based management

Resumo Objetivos: Descrever as recomendações atuais sobre a melhor maneira de conduzir o paciente pediátrico com doença diarreica aguda. Fonte dos dados: PubMed, Scopus, Scholar Google. Síntese dos dados: Houve pouco avanço no uso dos sais de reidratação oral (SRO) nas últimas décadas apesar de ser amplamente divulgado por meio de diretrizes internacionais. Vários estudos vêm sendo feitos na tentativa de melhorar a eficácia do SRO. Hidratação venosa com solução salina isotônica, infundida de forma rápida, deve ser indicada em casos de desidratação grave. A nutrição deve ser assegurada logo após a resolução da desidratação e é primordial para a saúde intestinal e imunológica. Restrições alimentares usualmente não são benéficas e podem ser prejudiciais. As medicações sintomáticas têm indicação restrita e antibióticos são indicados em casos específicos, cólera e shiguelose moderada a grave. Conclusões: A hidratação e a nutrição continuam a ser as intervenções com melhor impacto sobre o curso da diarreia aguda.

Abstract Objectives: To describe the current recommendations on the best management of pediatric patients with acute diarrheal disease. Data source: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar. Data summary: There has been little progress in the use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) in recent decades, despite being widely reported by international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to improve the effectiveness of ORS. Intravenous hydration with isotonic saline solution, quickly infused, should be given in cases of severe dehydration. Nutrition should be ensured after the dehydration resolution, and is essential for intestinal and immune health. Dietary restrictions are usually not beneficial and may be harmful. Symptomatic medications have limited indication and antibiotics are indicated in specific cases, such as cholera and moderate to severe shigellosis. Conclusions: Hydration and nutrition are the interventions with the greatest impact on the course of acute diarrhea.

Enteral fluid therapy through nasogastric tube in rumen cannulated goats / Fluidoterapia enteral por via nasogástrica em cabras fistuladas no rúmen

This paper reports the effects of fluid therapy in goats through nasogastric route with an electrolyte solution composed by concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride similar to goat plasma (140mmol/L of Na+, 4.5mmol/L of K+, 110mmol/L of Cl-). Four Alpine Chamoisee goats, two of them with evident leakage of the rumen cannulas, were used in a crossover experimental design of two periods and two groups. In one group the two goats were submitted to a treatment protocol to induce dehydration before the fluid therapy, whereas the other group was not. Fluid therapy consisted supplying 10mL/kg/h of the electrolyte solution during 8 hours. No signs of discomfort or stress were observed. The dehydration model employed caused a mild dehydration indicated by decrease in feces humidity, body weight and abdominal circumference, and increase in plasma total solids concentration. During fluid therapy globular volume and plasma total solids decreased, whereas % body weight and abdominal circumference increased. No signs of hyperhydration were observed and serum electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+) presented no significant alterations in both groups. Fluid therapy proposed in this study was efficient to treat dehydration, even for rumen cannulated animals with evident leakage, and can be administrated safely with no electrolyte imbalance.

Este estudo relata os efeitos da fluidoterapia em cabras que receberam, por via nasogástrica, uma solução eletrolítica com concentrações de sódio, potássio e cloreto similares às verificadas no plasma de caprinos (140mmol/L of Na+, 4.5mmol/L of K+, 110mmol/L of Cl-). Foram utilizadas quatro cabras da raça Parda Alpina, sendo duas com cânulas ruminais apresentando vazamento evidente, em um delineamento experimental crossover com dois períodos e dois grupos. Em um grupo, as cabras eram submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico para induzir a desidratação antes da fluidoterapia enquanto o outro grupo não passava por este protocolo. A fluidoterapia consistia em fornecer 10mL/kg/h da solução eletrolítica durante 8 horas. Não foi observado nenhum sinal de desconforto ou estresse. O protocolo para induzir a desidratação ocasionou desidratação moderada indicada pela diminuição da umidade das fezes, peso corporal e circunferência abdominal e aumento da concentração de sólidos totais no plasma. Durante a fluidoterapia o volume globular e a concentração de sólidos totais no plasma diminuiram, enquanto o peso vivo e a circunferência abdominal aumentaram. Não foram observados sinais de hiper-hidratação e dos eletrólitos (Na+, K+, Cl-) em ambos os grupos. A fluidoterapia proposta neste trabalho foi eficiente em tratar a desidratação, inclusive dos animais fistulados apresentando evidente extravasamento de líquido ruminal, e pode ser administrada com segurança, sem a ocorrência de desequilíbrios eletrolíticos.

Comparison of the efficacy of oral and intravenous maternal hydration in management of third trimester oligohydramnios

Oligohydramnios, defined as an amniotic fluid index [AFI] of less than the 5th percentile [at term

Diferença entre volume de fluidos cristaloides intravenosos prescritos e infundidos em pacientes no pós-operatório precoce / Difference between intravenous crystalloid fluids prescribed and infused in patients during early postoperative period

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi auditar a real quantidade de fluídos cristalóides infundidos por via intravenosa em pacientes submetidos a operações abdominais de grande porte num hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Computou-se a carga hídrica total (CHT) de fluidos cristalóides intravenosos infundida diariamente do 1º ao 4º dia de PO em 31 pacientes submetidos à operações de grande porte. Comparou-se a CHT com a carga hídrica prescrita (CHP) pelo médico. A CHT foi definida como a somatória da CHP acrescida de diluentes e medicações intravenosas. O protocolo do serviço recomendava a hidratação venosa no peri-operatório entre 30 e 50 mL/Kg/dia em pacientes com prescrição de jejum oral. A comparação entre CHT e CHP foi realizada em todos os dias de pós-operatório pelo teste t pareado. Estabeleceu-se em 5 por cento o nível de significância estatística. RESULTADOS: A CHT infundida do 1º ao 4ºdia de pós-operatório foi de 12,8 (6,4-17,5) L. Desse total, 9,5 litros (74,3 por cento) corresponderam a CHP e 3,3 L (25,7 por cento) a diluentes e medicações venosas. Em todos os dias de pós-operatório a CHT foi significativamente maior que a CHP (p<0.001). Até o 3º dia de PO os pacientes receberam uma CHT superior a 50 mL/kg/dia. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a prescrição médica não contém o real volume de fluidos cristalóides intravenosos infundido. O volume de diluentes e medicações intravenosas pode chegar a 25 por cento da carga hídrica prescrita.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to audit the real amount of crystalloid intravenous fluids infused in patients underwent major abdominal operations in a University hospital. METHODS: The whole intravenous crystalloid fluid load (CHT) infused from the 1st to the 4th postoperative day in 31 patients underwent major abdominal operations was registered. This amount was compared to the volume daily prescribed (CHP) by the physician. CHT was defined as the sum of CHP plus diluents and intravenous drugs received by the patients. Hydration protocol of the service was 30-50 mL/Kd/day for patient with nil per os prescription. Comparisons between CHT and CHP was done in each postoperative day using paired T test. A 5 percent level was established as significant. RESULTS: CHT summed from 1st to 4th PO days was (mean and range) 12.8 (6.4-17.5) L corresponding to 9.5 L (74.3 percent) of CHP and 3.3 L (25.7 percent) of diluents and intravenous drugs. In each postoperative day, CHT was significantly greater than CHP (p<0.001). Until the 3rd PO day patients received a CHT greater than 50 mL/Kg/day. CONCLUSION:. Medical prescription does not contain the real amount of crystalloid intravenous fluids infused. Diluents and intravenous drug may reach 25 percent of the intravenous fluids load.

Terapia de rehidratación oral: [revisión] / Oral rehidratation therapy: [review]

La deshidratación producida por la perdida de líquidos y electrolitos en pacientes con diarrea aguda continua siendo causa frecuente de muerte infantil, el desarrollo de la terapia de rehidratación oral ha convertido a la diarrea aguda en la causa de mortalidad infantil más sencilla de prevenir. Las SRO y la terapia de rehidratación oral (TRO) propuesta por UNICEF y OMS a finales de los años 70, han permitido manejar con eficacia la diarrea aguda. En la década de los 90 a nivel mundial fue posible evitar mas de un millón de muertes anuales de niñas y niños menores de 5 años relacionadas con esta enfermedad. La TRO esta indicada para prevenir la deshidratación, rehidratar y mantener el estado de hidratación independientemente de la edad del paciente, del agente etiológico o los valores iniciales de sodio sérico, a través de la administración por vía oral de mezclas estandarizadas de sales y carbohidratos disueltos en agua. A través del tiempo muchos investigadores han estudiado diferentes transportadores tratando de encontrar la solución ideal para la terapia de rehidratación oral, tomando en cuenta la absorción intestinal de nutrientes, líquidos y electrólitos, considerando que la absorción asociada de glucosa y sodio, favorece a su vez la absorción de agua, lo que permite obtener balances hídricos positivos de tal magnitud que posibilitan la corrección de la deshidratación en las primeras 4 a 6 hrs. de iniciada su administración en más del 90% de los niños deshidratados por diarrea aguda. Lo anterior fue considerado por Lancet como el descubrimiento médico más importante del siglo XX.

The dehydration produced by the loss of liquids and electrolytes in patients with sharp (acute) constant diarrhea being a frequent reason of infantile death, the development of the therapy of oral rehydration has turned to the acute diarrhea in the reason of the simplest infant mortality to anticipate. The SRO and the therapy of oral rehydration (TRO) proposed by UNICEF and WHO at the end of the 70s, have allowed to handle with efficiency the acute diarrhea. In the decade of the 90 worldwide it was possible to avoid more of a million annual deaths of children and 5-year-old minor related to this disease. The TRO indicated to anticipate the dehydration, to re-hydrate and to support the condition of hydration independently of the age of the patient, of the agent etiological or the initial values of sodium, across the administration for oral route of mixtures standardized of salts, carbohydrates dissolved in water. Across the time many investigators have studied different carriers trying to find the ideal solution for the therapy of oral rehydration, taking in counts the intestinal absorption of nutrients, liquids and electrolytes, considering that the associate absorption of glucose and sodium, favors in turn the water absorption, which allows to obtain water positive balances of such a magnitude that make the alteration of the dehydration possible in the first ones 4 to 6 hrs. of initiated his administration in more than 90% of the children dehydrated by acute diarrhea. The previous thing was considered by Lancet as the discovery medicate more importantly of the 20th century.

Composición de las soluciones caseras usadas en ninos con diarrea sin deshidratación: Mérida-Venezuela: [revisión] / Composition of home made solutions used in children with diarrhea without dehydration: [review]

La diarrea es una causa principal de morbi-mortalidad en niños y el uso de la terapia de rehidratación oral (uso de suero oral más líquidos caseros) puede prevenir la deshidratación. Identificar las soluciones caseras utilizadas en los niños con diarrea sin deshidratación, analizar su composición bioquímica y proponer las más adecuadas. Se entrevistaron 167 madres, en consultas pediátricas, seleccionadas al azar, durante los años 2004-2006, en Mérida-Venezuela; es un estudio epidemiológico, analítico, prospectivo y concurrente. Se identificaron cinco grupos de soluciones caseras: agua de arroz, sopa de plátano, sopa de cambur (banana), infusiones de hierbas y jugos de frutas. El análisis bioquímico se realizó mediante un pH metro, espectroscopia de absorción atómica (Na y K), argentometría (Cl), osmómetro (osmolaridad), glucosa peroxidasa (glucosa), hidrovolumetría por neutralización (bicarbonato) y bandas de absorción (citrato), procesadas en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Los Andes. Todas las soluciones estudiadas tienen un pH ácido, con excepción del suero casero con bicarbonato. las concentraciones de electrolitos fueron mínimas en el agua de arroz, las infusiones de hierbas y los jugos de frutas, mientras que fueron más elevadas en las sopas de plátano y banana. (Na y Cl más elevado). Las osmolaridad fue baja en todas las soluciones y alta en los jugos de frutas. Ninguna de las soluciones reúne las concentraciones planteadas por la OMS, aunque en el niño con diarrea sin deshidratación la sopas de plátano y banana pueden ser utilizadas debido a la buena aceptación y al bajo costo. No se recomiendan los jugos de fruta por su alta osmolaridad.

Diarrhoea continues to be one the main causes of morbidity-mortality in latin american countries due to dehydration. this is why the most important strategy to avoid deaths due to dehydration is oral rehydration therapy (oral rehydration solution plus homemade solutions) which may vary according to each region of the country. To identify the most frequently used homemade solutions for preventing dehydration in children with acute diarrhoea within the community in Mérida, Venezuela; to analyze the biochemical composition of these solutions; to propose the use of the most adequate ones. By means o an epidemiological, analytical, prospective and concurrent study 167 inquiries were performed to mothers who sought medical help in the main assistance centers of the city. these mothers were selected randomly during 2004-2006. five groups of homemade solutions were identified: rice water (golden rice in esther grain or flour), plantain soup with or without chicken, banana soup, herbal infusions and fruit juices. Biochemical analysis was performed by means of: ohmmeters (pH), spectroscopy of atomic absorption (Na and K), argentometry (Cl), osmometer (osmolarity), glucose peroxidase (glucose), hidrovolumetry by neutralization (bicarbonate) and absorption bands (citrate) processed at the Science Faculty of the Universidad de Los Andes. All the homemade liquids have an acidic pH, except solutions with added bicarbonate. electrolytes concentrations were minimum except for the plantain and banana soups, which have a higher sodium and chloride concentration. The osmolarity of most solutions was low, with exception of fruit juices (orange and guava). Conclusions: none of the homemade solutions meet the requirements established by the World Health Organization as an ideal rehydration solution. However, plantain and banana soup may be used in children with diarrhea without dehydration due to their high availability.

Hemogasometria em cães com desidratação experimental tratados com soluções eletrolíticas comerciais administradas por via intravenosa / Blood gas analysis in dogs with experimental dehidration treated with commercial electrolytes solutions by intravenous route

No presente estudo, foram comparados os efeitos da administração intravenosa de três soluções eletrolíticas comerciais sobre o equilíbrio ácido-base em cães desidratados experimentalmente por restrição hídrica e poliúria. Os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos e tratados com três diferentes soluções eletrolíticas comerciais durante 12 horas: Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL), Ringer simples (RS) e Glicofisiológico (GF). Entre os tratamentos testados, a fluidoterapia intravenosa com solução de Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL) foi o tratamento que apresentou efeito alcalinizante, sinalizado por pequeno aumento nos valores do pH(a), cHCO3(aP), ctCO2(aP) e cBase(a), podendo ser utilizada no tratamento de animais com acidose metabólica de intensidade discreta a moderada. As soluções Ringer simples (RS) e glicofisiológica (GF) determinaram discreta diminuição na concentração de base titulável do sangue arterial (cBase), demonstrando efeito acidificante, o que as tornam uma opção para tratar cães com alcalose metabólica.

Three commercial intravenous electrolyte solutions were compared as for their effects on the blood acid-base status in dogs experimentally dehydrated by withholding water and inducing polyuria. Animals were randomly divided into three groups which were rehydrated with the following commercial electrolyte solutions during 12 hours: Lactate Ringerïs solution (RL), Ringerïs solution (RS) and a normal saline solution (0.9 percent sodium chloride) containing 5 percent dextrose (GF). The RLïs intravenous fluid therapy resulted in an alkalinizing effect demonstrated by a mild increase in arterial blood pH, ctCO2, bicarbonate (cHCO-3), and arterial blood base concentration (cBase) and, thus, can be used in animals exhibiting mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. In contrast, the RS and GF therapies led to a mild decrease in the concentration of arterial blood tritiable base (cBase) inducing an acidifying effect, which make them an option to treat dogs with metabolic alkalosis.

Acute diarrhea's recommendations on oral rehydration therapy and feeding.

Oral rehydration therapy and feeding for patients with diarrhea recommended by physicians who had attended the short course "Practical Approach to Common GI Problems" were compared with The Royal College of Pediatricians of Thailand Expert Committee on Gastrointestinal System's (RCPedT) Recommendations. A questionnaire was sent to physicians who had attended the short course. Physicians recommended a variety of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) which were different from RCPedT's recommendations. 42.6% of physicians recommended WHO/ORS, 54.1% recommended commercial ORS and 3.3% recommended any form of ORS. The other form of ORS, 59.0% of physicians recommended was carbonated drinks (nonphysiologic ORS) and 40.9% recommended home mixing of ORS. 55.7% of respondents recommended ORT for mild or moderate dehydration and 29.5% for mild or no dehydration only 14.8% of the physicians followed the guidelines. Although RCPedT WHO and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition stated that vomiting was not a contraindication to successful use of ORT but vomiting was the most common reason (86.9%) given by respondents for failure of ORT and vomiting was the reason for starvation as well (11.5%). Early feeding of appropriate food 80.3% of respondents followed the guidelines but only 50.7% of respondents recommended breast feeding for children younger than 1 year old.

Controlled trial of hypo-osmalar versus World Health Organization oral rehydration solution.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of a hyposmolar oral rehydration solution (H-ORS) (245 mmol/liter) with the World Health Organization oral rehydration solution (WHO ORS) in cholera and acute non-cholera diarrhea. DESIGN: Controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Diarrhea training and treatment unit. METHODS: Thirty-five culture proven cholera and 135 acute non-cholera diarrheal patients randomly received H-ORS or WHO-ORS. Intake and output were measured every 4 hours. RESULTS: Analysis of the total cases revealed rehydration phase (p=0.048, 95% CI 0.64-0.99) and overall (p=0.046, 95% CI 0.70-0.99) frequency of stools to be significantly less in the H-ORS group. In the severely malnourished, the rehydration phase (p=0.032, 95% CI 0.55-97), maintenance phase (p=0.035, 95% CI 0.51-0.97) and overall (p=0.011; 0.95% CI 0.55-0.93) stool frequency were significantly decreased in the H-ORS group. The amount of ORS consumed in the maintenance phase of the cholera cases was significantly (p=0.04, 95% CI 0.44-0.98) less in the H-ORS group. All other parameters, despite showing a decreasing trend, were statistically comparable in the cholera, non-cholera and total cases. The amount of intravenous fluid needed was significantly more in the noncholera and total cases on H-ORS. In the non-breastfed cases, under two years of age, the total duration of diarrhea was significantly decreased (p=0.03; 95% CI 11.07-11.45) but the need for intravenous fluids significantly increased (p=0.02; 95% CI 109.8-112.1) in the H-ORS group. The proportion of children vomiting, the weight gain, urine passed in 24 hours, serum sodium, caloric intake and failure rate were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: H-ORS is as safe and effective as the WHO-ORS and may have some additional benefits in malnourished children.

Conocimientos y prácticas del manejo efectivo de casos de diarrea / Knowledge and practices in the successful management of acute diarrhea

Introducción. Con el objetivo de analizar los conocimientos y las prácticas de los médicos residentes sobre el manejo efectivo de casos de diarrea en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, se consideró conveniente efectuar un estudio observacional y transversal de la calidad de atención proporcionada. Material y métodos. Se analizaron un total de 24 casos de niños con diarrea atendidos en 3 servicios ambulatorios del hospital, por médicos residentes de pediatría, quienes habían recibido capacitación previa en el Servicio de Hidratación Oral del hospital, excepto 2 que no habían rotado por el mismo. Resultados. De los 6 componentes del manejo efectivo de casos, 4 fueron aplicados correctamente por todos los médicos residentes. La evaluación del estado de hidratación y la selección del tratamiento apropiado no fueron correctos en 2 casos, que correspondieron a los atendidos por médicos que no habían pasado por el servicio de hidratación oral. Conclusión. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren como útil e importante que los médicos residentes de pediatría, durante su formación, roten por un servicio docente-asistencial de terapia de hidratación oral para mejorar la calidad de la atención de los pacientes con enfermedad diarreica

Deshidratación por diarrea / Dehydration secondary to diarrhea

Para el diagnóstico de deshidratación por diarrea, se requieren 2 o más de los siguientes signos: aumento de sed, inquietud o irritabilidad, ojos hundidos y llanto sin lagrimas, mucosas orales secas o saliva espesa, respiración rápida o profunda, signo del pliegue positivo, pulso rápido, llenado capilar lento o fontanela hundida. La prevención y tratamiento de la deshidratación se efectúa por medio de hidratación oral con la fórmula recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud ("Vida Suero Oral"). Otros líquidos de uso común en el hogar, pueden ser útiles para prevenirla. La dosis de suero oral para el tratamiento de la deshidratación es de 100 mL/kg en 4 horas. En caso de choque por deshidratación, la cantidad recomendada es semejante, pero administrada en 3 horas por vía intravenosa; la rehidratación se completa con suero oral, retirando la venoclisis lo más prontro posible. A fin de prevenir nuevos episodios de deshidratación por diarrea, es conveniente enseñar a las madres el ABC de las diarreas: alimentación continua, bebidas abundantes (hidratación oral) y consultas oportunas al observar signos de alarma, tales como señales de deshidratación, diarrea o vómitos abundantes, falta de ingesta, fiebre elevada persistente o sangre en las evacuaciones

Prevención de afecciones gastrointestinales mediante el uso de probióticos en becerros Hostein Lactantes / Gastrointestinal disorder prevention with the use of probiotics in lactating Holstein bovines

El trabajo se realizó en el Rancho "La Palma", ubicado en el municipio de Coacalco, Estado de México. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de un probiótico comercial sobre la presentación de diarreas en becerros. Se utilizaron 36 becerras de 36.6 kg de peso vivo en promedio. Los tratamientos fueron cuatro y consistieron en un tratamiento para el grupo testigo y tres diferentes concentraciones de probiótico (tratamiento testigo 1); tratamiento 2 con 0.5 X 10 a la septima de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) de lactobacilos; tratamiento 3 con 1 X 10 a la septima UFC; tratamiento 4 con 1.5 X 10 a la septima UFC; cada tratamiento tuvo 9 repeticiones; los parámetros a evaluar fueron: presentación de diarreas y la ganancia de peso durante la etapa de la lactancia. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas para peso y diarrea, aunque se observó un efecto lineal significativo para diarreas

Experience in running a Diarrhoeal Training cum Treatment Unit (DTTU) in a state teaching hospital in Calcutta.

The performance of the Diarrhoeal Training cum Treatment Unit (DTTU) of NRS Medical College and Hospital, Calcutta, in a 2-year period was evaluated by record analysis. The study revealed that 73.6% cases out of a total 4349 could be successfully managed at the oral rehydration therapy (ORT) area and only 16.5% cases required indoor admission. Rest of the cases (9.9%) with "no dehydration" were sent home with advice. There were 84.7% cases out 3919 dehydration cases who could be successfully treated by ORT and only 15.3% required intravenous (i.v.) therapy. A definite decline was also evident in the proportion of diarrhoea cases requiring antibiotic therapy (13.5% in 1991 to 6.8% in 1992). The case fatality rate due to diarrhoea was 1.7% in 1992. Had all cases of diarrhoea with dehydration being admitted and treated with i.v. fluids and antibiotics, the estimated cost would have been Rs 14.2 lakhs, which with ORT, actually cost Rs 2.4 lakhs. Thus estimated total cost reduction was to the extent of Rs 11.8 lakhs in a 2-year period.